Normandy grew cider apples for centuries before distilling them; the first written record is Gilles de Gouberville's journal of 28 March 1553 Wikipedia: Calvados. A cider-distillers' guild followed around 1606, and AOC protection arrived in 1942 across three tiers (Calvados, Pays d'Auge, Domfrontais).
When the Little Ice Age and then phylloxera (from the 1860s) devastated Europe's vineyards, apple spirits filled the gap and Norman orchard acreage expanded dramatically β the region's 19th-century golden age oldliquorsmagazine.com.